Earth Science

• Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core — the deeper you go, the hotter it gets.
• Tectonic plates float on the mantle and grind together, building mountains and quakes.
• The Ring of Fire around the Pacific holds most of Earth's volcanoes.

• Evaporation → condensation → precipitation → collection, forever repeating.
• Clouds form when rising water vapor cools and condenses on dust particles.
• Groundwater feeds rivers and wells long after the rain stops.

• Weather is today; climate is the 30-year average pattern.
• Greenhouse gases trap heat that would otherwise escape to space.
• Small average temperature changes cause big changes in storms and sea level.

🎬 Experiment: Build a water cycle in a jar

Watch evaporation and rain happen on your kitchen counter in 20 minutes.

1. Pour 2 cm of warm water into a clear jar and seal the lid.
2. Set a bag of ice on top of the lid — that's the cold upper atmosphere.
3. Watch vapor rise, condense under the lid and fall back as 'rain'. Record what you see.